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Preventive healthcare plays a crucial role in maintaining and promoting overall well-being by focusing on the prevention and early detection of diseases. At the forefront of guiding healthcare practitioners and policymakers in this endeavor is the United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF). The USPSTF rigorously evaluates scientific evidence to provide recommendations on a wide range of clinical preventive services, ranging from screenings for chronic diseases to counseling interventions (Fontham et al., 2020). Cervical cancer screening is one of the category A recommendations by USPSTF that can be used to detect precancerous lesions or early-stage cancer in women. This discussion focuses on this recommendation and the application of evidence-based guidelines to plan an intervention in the local community.
Conceptual Model
One health promotion program theory or conceptual model that could be used to guide a cervical cancer screening initiative in the community is the Health Belief Model (HBM). The health belief model is based on two foundational components which include the desire to avoid illness and the belief that certain actions can prevent or cure illness (Sharifikia et al., 2019). This model seeks to explain and predict health-related behaviors by examining individuals’ perceptions of susceptibility to a health threat, the severity of the threat, the perceived benefits, and the perceived barriers to taking action. The model can be applied by healthcare organizations to guide a cervical cancer initiative that deals with screening and education to raise public awareness about the disease.
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The HBM can be designed and implemented to reduce barriers, improve knowledge, and motivate individuals to take control of their health. During a cervical cancer initiative, the model can be used to educate members about risk factors for the disease, potential consequences of untreated cancer, and the benefits of cervical cancer screening. The model can also help to address common barriers to cervical cancer screening like cost, lack of knowledge, and access to healthcare (Sharifikia et al., 2019). By addressing these key constructs of the model, a cervical cancer screening initiative can reduce the burden of the disease in the community and improve population health.
Population Screening Purpose
The screening topic for this discussion is cervical cancer which is categorized as a Grade A topic by USPSTF. Cervical cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women globally with about 660,000 new cases reported each year (American Cancer Society, 2024). In the United States, the projected new cases of the disease are about 13,820 and it is estimated that about 4,360 women will die from the disease. This type of cancer mostly affects women between the ages of 35 to 44, with the average age being 50 years (American Cancer Society, 2024). The American Cancer Society reports that the incidence rate of the disease has increased by 1.7% each year but the overall mortality rate has dropped by over half since the mid-1970s.
The target population for the cervical cancer initiative includes women aged 21 to 29 years because of their increased risk for the disease. In the state of Michigan, cervical cancer is less common but still, several cases of invasive incidences have been reported. For instance, data shows an incidence rate of 6.1% with 318 cases among women reported in 2020 (Department of Health and Human Services, 2024). The incidence rate varies among ethnic groups with Hispanic being highly affected. The Balck Non-Hispanic group is the second most affected followed by the White and Asian populations respectively. The data also shows that women aged 21 to 29 years represent the highest percentage of residents without appropriate screening.
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Location/Setting
The cervical cancer screening initiative will be conducted in Bay City, Michigan. The screening will be conducted on 10th April 2024 at the Women’s Health Pavillion- McLaren Bay Region starting from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. This location is appropriate because it deals with health issues affecting women and it is easily accessible by all community members.
Screening Activity
The screening activity will include a Pap test for women aged 21 to 29 years who have not been tested for the past three years. This test will involve the collection of cells from the cervix which will be transferred to the lab for examination. This test aligns with the USPSTF which requires testing for cervical cancer with cervical cytology for women aged 21 to 29 years every three years (Fontham et al., 2020). The tests will be available to the clients after one to two weeks and the results will be emailed to the clients directly.
The expected normal results will be negative meaning that no cell changes were found in the cervix. The results can also be unclear with interpretation like Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) which will require further examination (Fontham et al., 2020). Abnormal results may indicate low-grade cervical changes or high-grade changes. For instance, the presence of squamous intraepithelial lesion can be low grade meaning it can take several years for cancer cells to be seen. Squamous cell cancer results are an example of high-grade abnormal results that indicate the presence of cancer. However, further tests should be done to confirm the diagnosis of cervical cancer.
Follow-up will be required for individuals who will receive unclear, unsatisfactory, or abnormal results. The preferred method of follow-up will be through phone calls conducted within one week after receiving results. The clients will then schedule visits to the doctor for clarification of results and further testing.
The first goal of this exercise is to increase the percentage of women aged 21 to 29 years who receive cervical cancer screening by 20%. The second goal is to reduce disparities in cervical cancer screening rates among underserved populations by 10%. The third goal is to improve follow-up compliance for women who receive abnormal screening results to 80% within one year. The cervical cancer screening activity will most likely affect these outcomes by increasing the number of women who receive cervical cancer screening, reducing racial disparities through education, and improving follow-up compliance among those who receive abnormal Pap test results.
Cost
| Item | Cost |
| Testing instrument | $5000 |
| Staff costs | $2,500 |
| Rental cost | $1,000 |
| Simple supply costs | $500 |
| Attendee costs | Nil |
| Total | $9,000 |
This cost analysis provides an overview of the expenses involved in conducting a Pap test screening activity, including the cost of testing instruments, staff wages, rental fees, and simple supply costs. Attendee costs are not included as they are typically covered by healthcare insurance or subsidized by the organizing entity. The total cost of the screening activity is calculated by summing up all individual costs.
Summary
The cervical cancer screening initiative aims to increase access to Pap tests for women aged 21 to 29 years in the community, providing early detection and prevention of cervical cancer. Through partnerships with local healthcare providers and community organizations, the initiative offers convenient screening services, including education on the importance of regular screenings and follow-up care for abnormal results. The screening will be conducted on 5th April 2024 at the Women’s Health Pavillion- McLaren Bay Region starting from 9 a.m. to 3 p.m. General benefits to the community include early detection of cervical cancer, increasing screening rates for underserved populations, and empowering women to take control of their health through education (Fontham et al., 2020). This initiative is supported in the guideline because it deals with cervical cancer and focuses on women aged 21 to 29 years who are at risk for cervical cancer.
References
American Cancer Society. (2024). Key statistics for cervical cancer. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/types/cervical-cancer/about/key-statistics.html#:~:text=for%20cervical%20cancer-,How%20common%20is%20cervical%20cancer%3F,will%20die%20from%20cervical%20cancer.
Department of Health and Human Services. (2024). Michigan cancer dashboard: Cervical cancer in Michigan. https://www.michigan.gov/mdhhs/keep-mi-healthy/communicablediseases/epidemiology/chronicepi/cancer-epidemiology/cervical-cancer-dashboard
Fontham, E. T., Wolf, A. M., Church, T. R., Etzioni, R., Flowers, C. R., Herzig, A., … & Smith, R. A. (2020). Cervical cancer screening for individuals at average risk: 2020 guideline update from the American Cancer Society. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 70(5), 321-346. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21628
Sharifikia, I., Rohani, C., Estebsari, F., Matbouei, M., Salmani, F., & Hossein-Nejad, A. (2019). Health belief model-based intervention on women’s knowledge and perceived beliefs about warning signs of cancer. Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing, 6(4), 431–439. https://doi.org/10.4103/apjon.apjon_32_19
MN505M2-2: Apply a theory or model of health-related concepts to a community intervention.
Community Needs and Health Screening Initiative
Directions
For this assignment, you will pick one recommended screening from United States Preventive Task Force A and B Recommendations.
An initiative is a project, an event, so something in the community is ideal. Workplace location for employees is fine too. Please include the following suggested level one headings so content is clear and easily identified.
(Local Community: Bay City, Michigan)
Theory or Conceptual Model
- Identify a health promotion program theory or conceptual model and describe.
- Explain how the model or theory applies to the initiative is present.
Population Screening Purpose
- Identify the screening topic as an A or B preventive screening from the USPSTF.
- Include two components of topic related community statistics numerically (e.g., mortality, prevalence).
- Describe target population characteristics.
- Include age and sex or risk factor and matches the guidelines.
- Clarify the county and or neighborhood of the population.
- Provide descriptions on the local population to be screened, including three components: number of persons in the county possibly affected based on sex, age, and racial diversity of the county or state.
- Include current rates of screening or factors that would impact the need for screening.
Location/ Setting
- Demonstrate details of the community or workplace event, including three components: type of area or building, time, and day (e.g., Monroe County Senior Center at 9 a.m. to 11 a.m. 4/20/21).
- Include reasoning and explanation of appropriateness.
Screening Activity
Screening activity plan meets the preventive guidelines process, is descriptive, and includes:
- Education component description
- Measures tested
- Shows evidence the tests are aligned with guideline recommendations
- Demonstrates possible positive measure/ normal and abnormal ranges
- Follow up and referral content process included
- Three clear and measurable outcome goals are included
- Explanation of how each outcome is affected by the activity
Cost
Detailed cost analysis to perform screening is provided in table form includes the six following line items but not limited to a table containing:
- Testing instrument costs with source for pricing
- Staff costs- as appropriate for screening
- Rental cost- estimate
- Simple supply costs
- Any attendee cost
- Total
(May use volunteer staff but not donations of items. Cost analysis for feasibility needs demonstrated.) Cost analysis total and summary statement should be included.
Summary
Provide a summary of your screening, general benefit to the community, and why it is important. A person should be able to read your paper and understand fully what you are screening, where, when, the costs, and how it is supported in the guideline. Ideally, a person would be able to duplicate your screening initiative based on the clarity you present.
Format expectations:
- Follows all assignment directions.
- Introduction and conclusion are included.
- Information in paragraphs and paper organized to convey the content to the reader.
- Paper length paper should be 3–4 pages of content.
- Follows APA in paper format, reference page, in-text citations, or headings.
- Uses four or more credible peer-reviewed sources.
Master’s-prepared nurse educators, leaders, nurse practitioners, and all specialty nursing fields are contributors to health promotion in populations across the life span. This assignment is focused on preventive screening applications in the community, workplace, or school settings. You should be able to apply this knowledge to their specialty focus related to health promotion and epidemiology.
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